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Sheaves in Geometry and Logic: A First Introduction to Topos Theory (Universitext), by Saunders MacLane, Ieke Moerdijk
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Sheaves arose in geometry as coefficients for cohomology and as descriptions of the functions appropriate to various kinds of manifolds. Sheaves also appear in logic as carriers for models of set theory. This text presents topos theory as it has developed from the study of sheaves. Beginning with several examples, it explains the underlying ideas of topology and sheaf theory as well as the general theory of elementary toposes and geometric morphisms and their relation to logic.
- Sales Rank: #246812 in Books
- Published on: 1994-11-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.25" h x 1.46" w x 6.10" l, 1.98 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 630 pages
Review
From the reviews:
"A beautifully written book, a long and well motivated book packed with well chosen clearly explained examples. … authors have a rare gift for conveying an insider’s view of the subject from the start. This book is written in the best Mac Lane style, very clear and very well organized. … it gives very explicit descriptions of many advanced topics--you can learn a great deal from this book that, before it was published, you could only learn by knowing researchers in the field." (Wordtrade, 2008)
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
top notch
By Linas Vepstas
Clear, to the point, readable. Not too hard, not too easy. Assumes some general familiarity with categories, but not too much. Everything is developed at a hearty clip: plenty of curt examples; avoids tedium by getting to the point. Ideal if you're mature and interested in mathematics in general, and have the time to set your own pace. Might be a bit challenging for inexperienced grad students on a forced march -- or not. Doable.
35 of 39 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent
By Dr. Lee D. Carlson
Topos theory now has applications in fields such as music theory, quantum gravity, artificial intelligence, and computer science. It has been viewed by some as being excessively abstract and difficult to learn, and this is certainly true if one attempts to learn it from the research literature. The use of this book to learn topos theory certainly puts this view to rest, as the authors have given the readers an introduction to topos theory that is crystal clear and nicely motivated from an historical point of view. Indeed the prologue to the book gives the reader a deep appreciation of the origins of the subject, and could even serve as an introduction to a class on algebraic geometry.
An understanding of sheaf theory and category theory will definitely help when attempting to learn topos theory, but the book could be read without such a background. Readers who want to read the chapters on logic and geometric morphisms will need a background in mathematical logic and set theory in order to appreciate them. Topos theory has recently been used in research in quantum gravity. A reader interested in understanding how topos theory is used in this research should concentrate on the chapter on properties of elementary topoi, the one on basic categories of topoi, and the chapter on localic topoi.
The authors introduce topos theory as a tool for unifying topology with algebraic geometry and as one for unifying logic and set theory. The latter application is interesting, especially for readers (such as this reviewer), who approach the book from the standpoint of the former. Indeed, the authors discuss a fascinating use of topos theory by Paul Cohen in his proof of the independence of the Continuum Hypothesis in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.
The prologue for this book is excellent, and should be read for the many insights and motivations for the subject of topos theory. The elementary category theory needed is then outlined in the next section. A "topos" is essentially a category that allows the construction of pullbacks, products, and so on, with the philosophy being that objects are to be viewed not only as things but as also having maps (functors) between them. In the section on categories of functors, this viewpoint becomes very transparent due to the many examples of categories that are also topoi are discussed. These examples are presented first so as to motivate the general definition of topos later on. Some of these categories are very familiar, such as the category of sets, the category of all representations of a fixed group, presheaves, and sheaves. Of particular interest in this section is the discussion of the propositional calculus, and its representation as a Boolean algebra. Replacing the propositional calculus with the (Heyting) intuitionistic propositional calculus results in a different representation by a Heyting algebra. From the standpoint of ordinary topology, the Heyting algebra is significant in that the algebra of open sets is not Boolean, i.e. the complement (or "negation") of an open set is closed and not open in general Instead it follows the rules of a Heyting algebra. This type of logic appears again when considering the subobjects in the sheaf category, which have a "negation" which belong to a Heyting algebra. Thus topos theory is one that follows more than not the Brouwer intuitionistic philosophy of mathematics. Recently, research in quantum gravity has indicated the need for this approach, and so readers interested in this research will find the needed background in this part of the book.
After a straightforward overview of how sheaf theory fits into the topos-theoretic framework, the authors also discuss the role of the Grothendieck topology in sheaf theory. This involves thinking of an open neighborhood of a point in a space as more than just a monomorphism of that neighborhood into the space (all the open neighborhoods thus furnishing a "covering" of the space). This need was motivated by certain constructions in algebraic geometry and Galois theory, as the authors explain in fair detail. A covering of a space by open sets is replaced by a new covering by maps that are not monomorphisms. Starting with a category that allows pullbacks, an indexed family of maps to an object of this category is considered. If for each object in this category one uses a rule to select a certain set of such families, called the coverings of the object under this rule, then ordinary sheaf theory can be used on these coverings. If one desires to drop the requirement that the category have pullbacks, this can be done by introducing a category that comes with such "covering families." This is the origin of the Grothendieck topologies, wherein the indexed families are replaced by the sieves that they generate. A Grothendieck topology on a category is thus a function that assigns to each object in the category a collection of sieves on the object (this function must have certain properties which are discussed by the authors). Several examples of categories with the Grothendieck topologies are discussed, one of these being a complete Heyting algebra. Another example discussed comes from algebraic topology, via its use of the Zariski topology for algebraic varieties. The discussion of this example is brilliant, and in fact could be viewed as a standalone discussion of algebraic geometry.
When considering the notion of the Grothendieck topology, the authors define the notion of a `site', which is essentially a (small) category along with a Grothendieck topology on the category. They then show how to define sheaves on a site, which then form a category. A `Grothendieck topos' is then a category which is equivalent to the category of sheaves on some site. The authors then show, interestingly, that a complete Heyting algebra can be realized as a subobject lattice in a Grothendieck topos.
12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Substantial Philosophical Interest
By Gary L. Herstein
Several folks have already commented on how this volume provides an excellent formal introduction to category theory and topoi. I have nothing to add to those excellent reviews and encourage others to read them. What I wish to do here is comment on a somewhat tangential subject of my own interest, and that is the philosophy of logic.
This book makes clear the very significant connections between logic, what I would call "general spatial reasoning," and category theory. For anyone interested in the underlying core and structure of formal reasoning beyond the questionable dogmas of Russell-Frege proof-theoretic approaches, this book is an absolute must have. The proof-theoretic methods that have swamped the thinking about logic in most philosophical circles has seriously undermined our understanding of the relevant issues by blinding scholars to the genuine wealth of ideas that exists within mathematics. I would argue that this book, in conjunction with such works as Corry's "Rise of Modern Algebra" (see inserted link) is a fundamental step away from the shackles of the Russell-Frege vision of formal logic that dominates so much thought in the philosophy of logic. (Corry's work places algebraic thinking within an historical context that the mere formal study of the subject tramples right over. Such historical context is an essential element in the philosophical -- as opposed to purely formal -- study of such topics.)
The materials in _Sheaves_ are presented in an accessible way for the non-mathematician, *provided* that person still has a reasonably solid background in some such topic(s) as formal logic, model theory, abstract algebra, etc. The focus of the text on those relational structures known as "sheaves" provides an especially illuminating approach to the connections between algebraic logic, category theory, and such "purely" logical topics as proofs and models.
Also, let me add that I am writing this review of the *Kindle* edition. Obviously the wood-pulp version is wonderful, but the eBook version is well formatted, with none of the crazy symbol and fornatting issues that dogged earlier attempts to migrate mathematical texts into an electronic format.
So I recommend this book to anyone with even a passing interest in philosophical logic. The time has come to move beyond Russell-Frege, and this text is an excellent instrument for taking such a step!
(Here is the link to Leo Corry's magnificent study:) Modern Algebra and the Rise of Mathematical Structures
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